Iranian International Journal Of Social Sciences
Volume:9 Issue: 4, Autumn 2019

The sociological studies on the concept of mothering have not been of much interest in Iran, so far. Thus, the current study has aimed at investigation of the lived experience of the mothers and the fathers working in Tehran. We, in the current study, have not investigated the motherhood, but we have addressed the mothering (the maternal role), through 31 field interviews with 15 couples and a single woman with intentional celibacy. The methodology of the study is based on the grounded theory. Therefore, the data were arranged based on the open, pivotal, and eventually, selective coding. The data were gathered revolving around four phenomena. The two phenomena of “the mothering dominant discourse of mothering” and “feminity of mothering”, considered mothering to be feminine and intrinsic, institutionalized in a woman. The other two phenomena, on the contrary to the former two, considered a beyond sex mothering and anti-essentialism role for the mothering. The two phenomena of “belief in beyond the gender mothering” and “the partition in dominant discourse of mothering” did not believe the mothering to be a feminine task, and implied a kind of balance based on the couple’s agreement. As a result, through adaptation of the data and the couple’s narratives, the phenomena of “plurality in the concept of mothering” was chosen as the central phenomenon. This phenomena implies a type of fluidity of the mothering concept, i.e. the mothering is no longer seen as one-way and merely feminine task, and the people, through putting the essentialism discourses and frameworks aside, follow a different function of mothering, which is based on degenderizing and pluralism. Thus, despite the fact that the traditions, the superior mothering structures, and most of the couples still consider the mothering to be feminine, in practice, and the lived experience, it has reached a mutual interaction and agreement between the couples, in its function.

About 110 years ago, Iran experienced a revolution, which was known to be an attempt for development and modernization. The revolutionary roots had been established by new-coming social forces named as intellectuals. Since studying the past highlights the future, the necessity of intellectuals’ discourse as well as understanding their discourse strategies on the road to development and modernity should be taken into account. Accordingly the present research employs a quantitative method using discourse analysis technique and documentary reviews to analyze epistles written by Mirza Melkom Khan Nazem Al-Doleh and Mirza Yousef  Khan Mostashar Al-Doleh as two selected intellectuals about law and the Ghanoon Daily. The results indicated that Iranian intellectuals assumed political modernization as the preliminary and most prominent step for reaching development. They demanded for Constitutionalism and the rule of law, not as the main objective, but as a facilitator of development. In other words, development but not law was the major signifier of the intellectuals’ discourse achieving it became possible only through political reforms. Meanwhile, religion acted as the secondary assist and a justification for execution of new law in contrast to traditional law.  precedence of political parameter over economic, social and cultural reforms, applying absorption strategy via stimulation and incentive discourse pattern for integrating the opposing forces in their discuses , superficial understanding of the secular law concept in Europe and is association to religion and a dearth of awareness about cultural context were among characteristics of the intellectuals’ discourse  in this period.

In this study, the ethnic problems which are one of the most significant and perhaps the primary structural difficulties and problems of the nation-state and possible solutions will be suggested. Even if it starts with the general information, the focus of this study would be the subject matter which is known as the Southeastern Problem in Turkey yet it has started to be mentioned as the Kurdish Problem in the recent years. This study has the purpose of analyzing the mentioned problem in comparison with the Chinese Problem in Malaysia and determining the advantageous and disadvantageous circumstances in each subsection. Based on those determinations, recommendations will be included regarding which dynamics need to be prioritized in realizing a holistic solution process. The comparison will be conducted in thirteen subsections. The mentioned comparisons will be roughly based on the following: short background and homeland of both communities; demographic size of the ethnic group; demographic percentage of the ethnic group; strategic spread of the population within the country; international spread of the ethnic group, if any; intermarriages between the ethnic groups; religious homogeneity and religious rights; social status and socio-economic developmental level; linguistic differences and linguistic rights; level of education and culture and related rights; political organization and political rights; resorting to weapons and terrorist activities, if any. From the perspective of all those aspects, the study will determine the advantageous and disadvantageous points based on Malaysia’s solution process of the Chinese Problem in the way of Turkey’s solution of the Kurdish Problem, find the strengths and weaknesses; and based upon all those, it will attempt to develop suggestions regarding which aspects need to be prioritized in a possible different solution process.

The present study aims at identifying and analyzing the major cultural components that influence the political development of Iranian society during the Second Pahlavi era and explaining and analyzing the fundamental issues of the weaknesses and gaps in the Iranian society and political system during this period. Had, done. In this research, using the historical and analytical research method and inspired by Weberian approach to the importance of culture as well as the revised Inglehart approach, the sociological explanation and analysis of the cultural components appropriate to the political development of Iranian society during the Second Pahlavi period have been attempted. The present study shows that the formation of political development and democracy is, above all, a cultural issue, and that Iranian society during the Second Pahlavi period, due to the authoritarian culture of society and the political system, specifically related to some of the essential cultural components. Examples: free access to independent media and cultural rights, the spirit of criticism and questioning in society, public participation in cultural and political affairs, and critical thinking about society have suffered severe pathological deficiencies that have deprived Iranian society of political development.

Balance is one of the determining indicators of independence in the elderly. Technology has the potential to improve the quality of life, health and functional abilities of the disabled elderly. The use of virtual reality techniques is one of the novel methods of using technology for improving the quality of life and balance of the elderly by fully participating elderly in this direction. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of computer-based and user-based virtual reality techniques on balance of the elderly. Sample consisted of 18 people aged between 70 to 90 years old in Garmdareh, Iran who were voluntarily selected and then randomly divided into two groups of nine. Participants in the experimental group participated in designed exercises for 10 sessions (2 sessions per week), but the control group did not participate on any exercises. Static balance was measured using the sharpened Romberg test and dynamic Balance was measured by the spent time to rise and go, before and after each exercise session. The Shapiro Villex test was used in order determine the normal distribution of data, and covariance analysis was used to determine the related effect of exercises. Results of the covariance analysis showed significant effect of designed exercises on both the static and dynamic balance of the elderly (p <0.05). In sum, the results of present study showed that virtual reality techniques can improve the balance of performance among the elderly.

The aim of the study of the Assessment and evaluation of citizen's views on the impact of commercial television advertising on consumer behavior (Case Study: Ardebil city). This research will be done by a descriptive- Scrolling method and In terms of purpose, it is an applied type. The instrument for collecting data was A researcher-made questionnaire that includes elements of cultural factors, economic factors, social factors and individual factors and Behavioral Consumer Behavior Inventory (2011), which includes the influence of reference groups, less risky shopping, comfort, bargaining pleasure, consumption by class, and diversity. The target population of this study the all citizens of Ardebil who live in one of the areas of the Ardebil municipality and who are the target audience for commercial TV commercials and use these advertisements. In the in 1398 and the sample size is 297 according to Morgan's table. Also the way of sampling is a simple accident. Data analysis is performed by using SPSS software. The results of this study indicate that commercial television advertising has a bearing on consumer attention and consumer behavior. Also, cultural factors, individual factors, social factors and economic factors in television commercial broadcasting have an impact on consumer behavior

The Effectiveness of Family-Centered Therapy Program on the Mental Health of Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and the Marital Satisfaction of Their Parents. Method The present research is a Quasi-Experimental study with experimental and control group. The research was investigation of Effectiveness of Family-Centered Therapy Program on the Mental Health of Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder and Marital Satisfaction of their parents. Measurement of mental health symptoms was performed by Initial Adaptive Schema Tests and Strengths and Difficulties Scale. Assessing their parents' Marital Satisfaction done by Afrouz Marital Satisfaction Scale. The data of the questionnaires were extracted and analyzed by Multivariable Analyze of Covariance (MANCOVA). The results presented that Family-Centered program affects Marital Satisfaction, Strengths and Difficulties, Initial Maladaptive Schemas of Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder in the Follow-up step. It is recommended to be considered this program as a complementary treatment for patients suffering from Bipolar disorder.

Crime against all classes of individuals is a serious social problem. In the United States, the percentage of total hate crimes committed against victims increased to 18.8 percent in 2009, the highest percentage in ten years. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, some men and women have frequently been the second most common victim of hate crime over the past decade. The purpose of this research was to provide an overview of statistical and spatial analyses of twenty-two years of homicides from 1990 to 2012 in the state of Minnesota. According to the research, approximately 90.4 percent of homicides happened between 1990 and 2001 and 9.6 percent happened between the years 2001 and 2012. The most important goal was to compare patterns of homicides through five key elements (ID of victims (groups), Race of victims, Sex of victims, Weapon used, and Cause of Death) within a geographic information system (GIS). The records of homicides in the state of Minnesota demonstrated how geographic analysis conducted within a GIS can assist in the investigation of homicide and how GIS can provide useful tools and techniques to visualize and analyze spatial data.